抹灰石膏的發(fā)展近況

　　Development status of plastering gypsum

　　01國(guó)外抹灰石膏的發(fā)展上世紀(jì)50年代末，隨著德國(guó)干混砂漿的快速發(fā)展，德國(guó)可耐福集團(tuán)開發(fā)了單層石膏基抹灰干混砂漿產(chǎn)品。上世紀(jì)60年代中期他們又發(fā)明了單層石膏抹灰砂漿噴涂機(jī)PFT-G5C及機(jī)噴用抹灰石膏產(chǎn)品MP75，并在隨后開啟了抹灰石膏機(jī)械化施工的革命，從此抹灰石膏的技術(shù)及市場(chǎng)發(fā)展進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展階段。歐美先進(jìn)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家早在40年前已大量使用抹灰石膏。如德國(guó)現(xiàn)在75%以上抹灰材料是抹灰石膏；英國(guó)抹灰石膏的使用占石膏建材總量的50%；法國(guó)占石膏制品總和的23%；西班牙室內(nèi)抹灰90%使用抹灰石膏，還有日本抹灰石膏產(chǎn)量在二十世紀(jì)七十年代末就達(dá)到40萬噸。02國(guó)內(nèi)抹灰石膏的發(fā)展我國(guó)抹灰石膏的研究與發(fā)展相對(duì)較晚，直到上世紀(jì)80年代初期相關(guān)科研院所才開始進(jìn)行抹灰石膏的研究。隨著相關(guān)技術(shù)問題的不斷解決和各項(xiàng)政策的逐步推進(jìn)，抹灰石膏開始進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。進(jìn)入本世紀(jì)以來，由于抹灰石膏的研究、生產(chǎn)、應(yīng)用技術(shù)已趨于完善，而且其性能優(yōu)點(diǎn)也開始被施工人員接受，抹灰石膏在國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)入了較快速的發(fā)展。自2014年以來，隨著機(jī)噴應(yīng)用的快速發(fā)展，抹灰石膏的增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入一個(gè)加速期。根據(jù)相關(guān)·統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，2019年抹灰石膏的用量已達(dá)到400萬噸。03市場(chǎng)狀況國(guó)內(nèi)：2024年抹灰石膏的用量已達(dá)到440萬噸，預(yù)計(jì)2026年我國(guó)抹灰石膏的實(shí)際需求量將超過600萬噸。抹灰石膏的市場(chǎng)i極限容量預(yù)估為1200萬噸，目前抹灰石膏正處于快速發(fā)展階段。 ??發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家：抹灰石膏總的用量已達(dá)到全部抹灰用量的50%，有的甚至高達(dá)70%。PART2抹灰石膏的定義及技術(shù)要求指標(biāo)

　　In the late 1950s, with the rapid development of dry mix mortar in Germany, the German Knauf Group developed a single-layer gypsum based plaster dry mix mortar product. In the mid-1960s, they invented the single-layer gypsum plastering mortar spraying machine PFT-G5C and the machine spraying plastering gypsum product MP75, and subsequently launched a revolution in the mechanization of plastering gypsum construction. From then on, the technology and market development of plastering gypsum entered a new stage of development. Advanced developed countries in Europe and America have been extensively using plaster gypsum as early as 40 years ago. Currently, over 75% of plastering materials in Germany are plaster gypsum; The use of plastering gypsum in the UK accounts for 50% of the total amount of gypsum building materials; France accounts for 23% of the total gypsum products; 90% of indoor plastering in Spain uses plaster, and Japan's plaster production reached 400000 tons in the late 1970s. The development of plastering gypsum in China was relatively late, and it was not until the early 1980s that relevant research institutes began to study plastering gypsum. With the continuous resolution of relevant technical issues and the gradual promotion of various policies, plaster gypsum has begun to enter the market. Since the beginning of this century, due to the improvement of research, production, and application technology of plaster gypsum, and the acceptance of its performance advantages by construction personnel, plaster gypsum has entered a relatively rapid development in China. Since 2014, with the rapid development of machine spraying applications, the growth of plastering gypsum has entered an accelerated period. According to relevant statistical data, the amount of plaster used in 2019 has reached 4 million tons. Market situation in China: The usage of plaster gypsum has reached 4.4 million tons in 2024, and it is expected that the actual demand for plaster gypsum in China will exceed 6 million tons by 2026. The estimated maximum capacity of the plastering gypsum market is 12 million tons, and currently plastering gypsum is in a rapid development stage. Developed countries: The total amount of gypsum used for plastering has reached 50% of the total plastering amount, and some even up to 70%. Definition and technical requirements indicators of PART2 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏是以半水石膏（CaSO4·1/2H2O)和Ⅱ型無水硫酸鈣（Ⅱ型CaSO4）單獨(dú)或兩者混合后作為主要膠凝材料，摻入外加劑制成的抹灰材料。2019年，中散協(xié)組織業(yè)內(nèi)知名企業(yè)、專家學(xué)者編寫《輕質(zhì)抹灰用半水石膏》，推動(dòng)行業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新階段。機(jī)械噴涂抹灰石膏是采用機(jī)械噴涂抹灰工藝的石膏抹灰材料，需要一定技術(shù)要求和工地實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　Plastering gypsum is a plastering material made by mixing semi hydrated gypsum (CaSO4 · 1/2H2O) and type II anhydrous calcium sulfate (type II CaSO4) alone or in combination as the main binding material, and adding additives. In 2019, Zhongsan Association organized well-known enterprises, experts and scholars in the industry to compile "Semi hydrated Gypsum for Lightweight Plastering", promoting the development of the industry into a new stage. Mechanical spray plastering gypsum is a gypsum plastering material that uses mechanical spray plastering technology and requires certain technical requirements and practical experience on the construction site.

　　PART3抹灰石膏的性能說明及優(yōu)勢(shì)

　　Performance description and advantages of PART3 plaster gypsum

　　01性能說明近年來，抹灰石膏以其良好的物理力學(xué)性能及操作性能，在國(guó)內(nèi)也日益得到認(rèn)可和推廣使用，其具有以下特點(diǎn)：

　　In recent years, plaster gypsum has been increasingly recognized and promoted for its excellent physical, mechanical, and operational properties in China. It has the following characteristics:

　?。?）抹灰石膏具有良好的和易性、保水性。上墻后操作自如、收光容易、施工方便。（特別在沖筋施工工藝中）

　　(1) Gypsum plaster has good workability and water retention. Easy to operate after climbing the wall, easy to receive light, and convenient for construction. (Especially in the process of reinforcing construction)

　?。?）采用抹灰石膏抹灰，工程質(zhì)量好，墻面致密光滑而不起灰，有較高的強(qiáng)度和不收縮、不空鼓、不開裂、無氣味。

　　(2) Using plaster gypsum for plastering, the project quality is good, the wall surface is dense and smooth without plastering, with high strength, no shrinkage, no hollowing, no cracking, and no odor.

　?。?）抹灰石膏抹灰層凝結(jié)硬化快，在底層抹灰完成后約3-4小時(shí)就可進(jìn)行面層抹灰，其裝修工程工期可縮短60%左右，大大提高工作效率，加快了工程進(jìn)度。

　　(3) The setting and hardening of the plaster layer is fast, and the surface plastering can be carried out in about 3-4 hours after the bottom plastering is completed. The decoration project period can be shortened by about 60%, greatly improving work efficiency and accelerating project progress.

　　（4）抹灰石膏適合冬季（0℃以上）搶修工程，其水化速度不因氣溫偏低而明顯減慢，只要拌合水不結(jié)冰，即可早強(qiáng)快硬，是冬季室內(nèi)抹灰施工的好材料。

　　(4) Plastering gypsum is suitable for emergency repair projects in winter (above 0 ℃), and its hydration rate does not significantly slow down due to low temperatures. As long as the mixed water does not freeze, it can be quickly strengthened and hardened, making it a good material for indoor plastering construction in winter.

　?。?）抹灰石膏硬化體是一種多孔材料，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)一般在0.35W/(m·K） 左右，其保溫隔熱能力在相同厚度條件下是紅磚的2倍、混凝土的3倍。同時(shí)，抹灰石膏硬化體可減小聲壓，防止聲能透射，故隔音性能良好，符合建筑空間的要求。

　　(5) Plaster gypsum hardened body is a porous material with a thermal conductivity of generally around 0.35W/(m · K). Its insulation and heat preservation ability is twice that of red bricks and three times that of concrete under the same thickness conditions. At the same time, the hardened body of plastering gypsum can reduce sound pressure and prevent sound energy transmission, so it has good sound insulation performance and meets the requirements of building space.

　　02抹灰石膏優(yōu)勢(shì)以建筑石膏粉為主要原料，摻入集料和外加劑預(yù)攪拌制成的專門用于機(jī)械噴涂的干混砂漿，材料各項(xiàng)目性能及指標(biāo)都符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T28627-2012《抹灰石膏》和施工執(zhí)行行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CBMF ?10-2016《機(jī)噴抹灰石膏應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)程》要求。抹灰石膏抹灰層具有吸濕性能與排濕性能，有利于多孔墻材面自身干燥。從而可使多孔墻體材料墻面內(nèi)部含水率下降，避免了因多孔墻材內(nèi)部含水率不均勻而引起內(nèi)應(yīng)力的弊端。因此在多孔材料墻面上用抹灰石膏抹灰有利于墻體長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定。抹灰石膏與任何基材都能很好地粘結(jié)在一起，并不受厚度限制，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)空鼓、開裂現(xiàn)象。因抹灰石膏的和易性與料漿流動(dòng)性均好，易滲透到墻壁或頂棚的空隙及凹凸縱橫的縫隙中，硬化后體積微膨脹，構(gòu)成鍵榫與細(xì)小勾掛系統(tǒng)，加強(qiáng)了抹灰層與墻面的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度，所以抹灰石膏在光滑的混凝土表面上無需鑿毛就可直接抹灰。尤其是將抹灰石膏抹在加氣混凝土墻面上效果更加。由于抹灰石膏的粘結(jié)力好，在操作中落地灰少、省工省料，為實(shí)現(xiàn)文明施工起到一定的作用。呼吸功能：石膏硬化過程中，形成無數(shù)個(gè)微小的蜂窩狀呼吸孔，當(dāng)室內(nèi)環(huán)境適度較大時(shí)，呼吸孔自動(dòng)吸濕，在相反條件下，又能自動(dòng)釋放儲(chǔ)備的水分，這樣反復(fù)循環(huán)，能巧妙地將室內(nèi)濕度控制在適宜的范圍之內(nèi)，為居住者創(chuàng)造了良好舒適的生活環(huán)境。石膏中結(jié)晶水含量占整個(gè)分子量的20.9%，當(dāng)建筑物發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，只要墻體抹灰層中石膏所含水分沒有全部釋放和蒸發(fā)，墻面溫度就不會(huì)超過40℃。因此，可延緩墻體升溫時(shí)間，控制火災(zāi)對(duì)建筑物的危害損失程度。

　　The advantage of 02 plastering gypsum is that it is a dry mixed mortar specially used for mechanical spraying, which is mainly made of building gypsum powder and pre mixed with aggregates and additives. The performance and indicators of each project of the material meet the requirements of the national standard GB/T28627-2012 "Plastering Gypsum" and the construction execution industry standard CBMF 10-2016 "Technical Regulations for Application of Mechanical Spraying Plastering Gypsum". The gypsum plaster layer has moisture absorption and drainage properties, which are beneficial for the self drying of porous wall materials. Thus, the moisture content inside the porous wall material can be reduced, avoiding the disadvantage of internal stress caused by uneven moisture content inside the porous wall material. Therefore, using plaster gypsum on porous material walls is beneficial for long-term stability of the wall. Gypsum plaster can bond well with any substrate without thickness limitations, and there will be no hollowing or cracking. Due to the good workability and fluidity of the plaster, it is easy to penetrate into the gaps and vertical and horizontal gaps of walls or ceilings. After hardening, the volume slightly expands, forming a key tenon and small hook system, which strengthens the bonding strength between the plaster layer and the wall surface. Therefore, plaster can be directly applied on smooth concrete surfaces without chiseling. Especially when plastering gypsum on aerated concrete walls, the effect is even better. Due to the good bonding strength of plastering gypsum, it reduces the amount of plaster on the ground during operation, saves labor and materials, and plays a certain role in achieving civilized construction. Breathing function: During the hardening process of gypsum, countless tiny honeycomb shaped breathing holes are formed. When the indoor environment is moderately large, the breathing holes automatically absorb moisture, and under opposite conditions, they can automatically release stored moisture. This repeated cycle cleverly controls the indoor humidity within a suitable range, creating a good and comfortable living environment for residents. The crystalline water content in gypsum accounts for 20.9% of the total molecular weight. When a building catches fire, as long as the moisture content in the gypsum plaster layer is not fully released and evaporated, the wall temperature will not exceed 40 ℃. Therefore, it can delay the heating time of the wall and control the degree of damage and loss caused by the fire to the building.

　　03抹灰石膏機(jī)械噴涂?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)德國(guó)幾乎100%的建筑工地采用機(jī)械化施工，機(jī)械化施工的原因主要是環(huán)保、經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效和對(duì)施工質(zhì)量的保證。降低環(huán)境污染——無需現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混合砂漿，機(jī)械可以全自動(dòng)或半自動(dòng)將干混砂漿按要求與水混合均勻。降低勞動(dòng)力成本——無需專人混合砂漿與搬運(yùn)砂漿，通過設(shè)備進(jìn)行混合與輸送。提高施工效率——機(jī)械化施工的效率是人工施工效率的3-5倍。提高施工質(zhì)量——砂漿通過一定空氣加速后噴射到墻面，砂漿與墻面的濕粘接力更強(qiáng)；砂漿連續(xù)地噴射到墻面，具有較好的延續(xù)性，可有效防止空鼓與開裂。

　　03 Advantages of mechanical spraying of plastering gypsum: Almost 100% of construction sites in Germany adopt mechanized construction. The main reasons for mechanized construction are environmental protection, economy, efficiency, and the guarantee of construction quality. Reduce environmental pollution - without the need for on-site mixing of mortar, machinery can fully or semi automatically mix dry mixed mortar with water as required. Reduce labor costs - no need for dedicated personnel to mix and transport mortar, mixing and conveying can be done through equipment. Improve construction efficiency - The efficiency of mechanized construction is 3-5 times that of manual construction. Improving construction quality - after being accelerated by a certain amount of air, mortar is sprayed onto the wall, and the wet adhesion between the mortar and the wall is stronger; The mortar is continuously sprayed onto the wall, which has good continuity and can effectively prevent hollowing and cracking.

　　04石膏抹灰噴涂施工與手工抹灰施工人工成本的核算以6萬平米的內(nèi)墻粉刷為例，進(jìn)行兩種施工方式下的人工成本核算：項(xiàng)目配備四臺(tái)噴涂設(shè)備，每臺(tái)設(shè)備配5人進(jìn)行機(jī)械化施工，每臺(tái)設(shè)備的工作量為600平米每天（噴1.5cm厚）；如果用人工進(jìn)行施工，熟練工人每天每人可以完成抹灰45平米（抹灰厚度同樣為1.5cm）；考慮人工成本上漲的趨勢(shì)，我們?cè)O(shè)定了250元/人/天、350元/人/天、450元/人/天三個(gè)單位成本進(jìn)行計(jì)算，計(jì)算結(jié)果如下表。假定進(jìn)口噴涂設(shè)備價(jià)格為70000元/臺(tái)，則當(dāng)人工成本達(dá)到350元/人/天時(shí)，采用機(jī)械噴涂不到1個(gè)月完成一個(gè)6萬平米的工程，就可以將設(shè)備的采購(gòu)成本收回。PART4抹灰石膏的施工工藝

　　The calculation of labor costs for gypsum plastering spraying construction and manual plastering construction is based on a 60000 square meter interior wall plastering project. Two construction methods are used to calculate labor costs: the project is equipped with four spraying equipment, each with five people for mechanized construction, and each equipment has a working capacity of 600 square meters per day (spraying 1.5cm thick); If manual construction is used, skilled workers can complete 45 square meters of plastering per person per day (with a plastering thickness of 1.5cm); Considering the trend of rising labor costs, we have set three unit costs of 250 yuan/person/day, 350 yuan/person/day, and 450 yuan/person/day for calculation. The calculation results are shown in the table below. Assuming the price of imported spraying equipment is 70000 yuan per unit, when the labor cost reaches 350 yuan per person per day, mechanical spraying can be used to complete a 60000 square meter project in less than a month, and the procurement cost of the equipment can be recovered. Construction process of PART4 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏施工質(zhì)量直接影響到房屋結(jié)構(gòu)使用、居住及安全可靠性，為此在抹灰石膏施工中，需嚴(yán)格控制施工質(zhì)量，認(rèn)真執(zhí)行國(guó)家、地方及企業(yè)制定的施工規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使之在建筑生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中落實(shí)到位，施工當(dāng)中嚴(yán)格按照施工工序細(xì)則進(jìn)行施工并確保其施工質(zhì)量。

　　The construction quality of plastering gypsum directly affects the use, living, and safety reliability of building structures. Therefore, in plastering gypsum construction, it is necessary to strictly control the construction quality, conscientiously implement the construction specifications and standards formulated by the state, local governments, and enterprises, and ensure their implementation in construction production activities. During construction, construction must be carried out strictly in accordance with the detailed rules of the construction process to ensure its construction quality.

　　01手工抹灰的一般工序頂棚抹灰工藝流程搭設(shè)腳手架→基層處理→探線、找規(guī)矩→抹灰→抹面層灰墻面抹灰工藝流程做標(biāo)志塊→找方?jīng)_筋→陰陽角處理→做護(hù)角→制備料漿→抹灰操作→修補(bǔ)平整→壓光、驗(yàn)收02噴涂工藝基層處理→機(jī)械準(zhǔn)備→材料準(zhǔn)備→砂漿攪拌→過篩→泵送→噴涂→托大板大面積找平→刮杠局部找平→搓平壓光→抹踢腳線（板） →清理落地灰基層處理包括嵌門窗縫、做護(hù)角線、做標(biāo)志及標(biāo)筋、澆水濕潤(rùn)等。內(nèi)墻面噴底子灰有兩種工藝：一種是先做墻裙、踢腳線和門窗護(hù)角，后噴灰；另一種是先噴灰，后做墻裙、踢腳線和門窗護(hù)角。前一種比后一種容易保證砂漿與墻面基層的粘結(jié)質(zhì)量，清理用工較少，但技術(shù)上要求較高，且要做好成品保護(hù)。實(shí)際工程中采用前一種流程的較多。

　　01 General process of manual plastering: Ceiling plastering process: Setting up scaffolding → Base treatment → Exploring lines and finding rules → Plastering → Surface layer plastering process: Making marking blocks → Finding square and reinforcing bars → Treating internal and external corners → Making corner protectors → Preparing material slurry → Plastering operation → Repairing and leveling → Pressing and acceptance 02 Spray coating process: Base treatment → Mechanical preparation → Material preparation → Mortar mixing → Screening → Pumping → Spraying → Large area leveling of support boards → Local leveling of scraping bars → Rubbing and pressing flat → Applying skirting boards (boards) → Cleaning the floor plaster base treatment, including embedding door and window joints, making corner protectors, making signs and reinforcing bars, watering and moistening. There are two techniques for spraying base plaster on interior walls: one is to first make wall skirts, skirting boards, and door and window corner protectors, and then spray plaster; Another method is to first spray dust, and then make wall skirts, skirting boards, and door and window corner protectors. The former method is easier to ensure the bonding quality between the mortar and the wall base than the latter method, requires less cleaning labor, but has higher technical requirements and requires good protection of the finished product. The former process is more commonly used in practical engineering.

　　PART5抹灰石膏的優(yōu)勢(shì)

　　Advantages of PART5 plastering gypsum

　　01循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)要求采用100%煙氣脫硫石膏，保護(hù)礦藏與自然環(huán)境，減少二氧化硫、二氧化碳排放；生產(chǎn)過程能耗低；可循環(huán)利用，世界公認(rèn)的可持續(xù)綠色建材

　　01 Circular economy requires the use of 100% flue gas desulfurization gypsum to protect mineral deposits and the natural environment, reduce sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions; Low energy consumption in the production process; Recyclable and globally recognized sustainable green building materials

　　02可以做到降低空鼓、開裂工程質(zhì)量問題優(yōu)異的保水性和粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度，與各種墻材的粘附極佳；石膏凝結(jié)硬化過程中體積微膨脹的特性，使得石膏砂漿表面光滑、形體飽滿。

　　02 can achieve excellent water retention and bonding strength to reduce engineering quality problems such as hollowing and cracking, and has excellent adhesion to various wall materials; The characteristic of slight volume expansion during the setting and hardening process of gypsum makes the surface of gypsum mortar smooth and the shape full.

　　03效率高袋裝成品，機(jī)器噴涂，單層抹灰施工，方便高效；凝結(jié)硬化、干燥快，可提早進(jìn)行下道工序；效率提升約3倍，節(jié)省大量人工。

　　03 High efficiency bagged finished products, machine spraying, single-layer plastering construction, convenient and efficient; Solidification hardening and drying are fast, and the next process can be carried out in advance; Efficiency has increased by about 3 times, saving a lot of labor.

　　04更加的經(jīng)濟(jì)容重小，同樣的面積只需更少的材料；質(zhì)輕，減少運(yùn)輸成本；?無需澆水養(yǎng)護(hù)，節(jié)約人工和寶貴水資源05調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)氣候

　　04 has a smaller economic density and requires less material for the same area; Lightweight, reducing transportation costs; No need for watering and maintenance, saving labor and precious water resources. Adjust indoor climate

　　06健康友好石膏的水汽滲透性和 PH值，與人皮膚的化學(xué)-物理性質(zhì)驚人的相似，被稱為“可近皮膚”的建材 ；具有生物溶解性，凡是吸入身體內(nèi)的石膏粉會(huì)被人體吸收，不影響身體健康；?不含甲醛、放射性元素等有害物體。07更好的防火性能石膏是不燃材料而且其導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)比水泥砂漿低（0.28對(duì)比0.87），所以它能更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間阻止熱量的傳導(dǎo)；石膏（CaSO4·2H2O）具有大量的結(jié)晶水（約重量的21%），不幸火災(zāi)時(shí)結(jié)晶水會(huì)先蒸發(fā)并吸收熱能，提供更長(zhǎng)的逃生時(shí)間并且防止被保護(hù)的構(gòu)件過早受熱；根據(jù)國(guó)外的試驗(yàn)，石膏中結(jié)晶水的分解速度約為每6mm厚15分鐘。

　　The water vapor permeability and pH value of 06 health friendly gypsum are surprisingly similar to the chemical physical properties of human skin, making it a building material that can be close to the skin; It has biological solubility, and any gypsum powder inhaled into the body will be absorbed by the human body without affecting physical health; Does not contain harmful substances such as formaldehyde and radioactive elements. 07 has better fire resistance. Gypsum is a non combustible material and its thermal conductivity is lower than that of cement mortar (0.28 compared to 0.87), so it can prevent heat conduction for a longer period of time; Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) contains a large amount of crystalline water (about 21% by weight). Unfortunately, during a fire, the crystalline water evaporates and absorbs heat energy, providing a longer escape time and preventing protected components from being heated too early; According to foreign experiments, the decomposition rate of crystal water in gypsum is about 15 minutes per 6mm thickness. ?

　　08良好的熱工性能噴涂石膏與木材的平均導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)相近，具有與木材相似的暖性，表面手觸感更舒適。綜上所述，石膏抹灰與水泥抹灰的對(duì)比如下表：

　　08 has good thermal performance. The average thermal conductivity of sprayed gypsum is similar to that of wood, and it has a similar warmth to wood. The surface feels more comfortable to the touch. In summary, the comparison between gypsum plastering and cement plastering is shown in the following table:

　　PART6石膏抹灰與水泥抹灰墻面對(duì)比分析

　　Comparative analysis of PART6 gypsum plastering and cement plastering wall surfaces

　　抹灰石膏與水泥砂漿的經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)比根據(jù)市場(chǎng)調(diào)查收集的價(jià)格數(shù)據(jù)整理分析后，計(jì)算成本指數(shù)和價(jià)值指數(shù)，如下表所示。經(jīng)過市場(chǎng)調(diào)查、功能分析和綜合評(píng)價(jià)，石膏砂漿雖然價(jià)格比水泥砂漿高，但是石膏砂漿的價(jià)值指數(shù)比水泥砂漿大，尤其噴涂石膏砂漿的價(jià)值指數(shù)最大，性價(jià)比最高。

　　The economic comparison between plastering gypsum and cement mortar is based on the price data collected from market research, and the cost index and value index are calculated as shown in the following table. After market research, functional analysis, and comprehensive evaluation, although gypsum mortar is priced higher than cement mortar, its value index is greater than that of cement mortar, especially for spray gypsum mortar, which has the highest value index and cost-effectiveness.

　　PART7抹灰石膏的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

　　Application areas of PART7 plaster gypsum

　　01內(nèi)墻抹灰各種輕質(zhì)砌塊、板材內(nèi)隔墻、混凝土墻面，已完水泥砂漿基面的精細(xì)找平。02室內(nèi)頂棚抹灰現(xiàn)澆混凝土頂棚、輕質(zhì)板材吊頂03建筑節(jié)能系統(tǒng)外墻內(nèi)保溫系統(tǒng)、外保溫系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)保溫補(bǔ)充04輻射采暖&制冷墻面/吊頂系統(tǒng)

　　01 Interior wall plastering with various lightweight blocks, board partitions, concrete walls, and fine leveling of cement mortar base surface. 02 Indoor ceiling plastering, cast-in-place concrete ceiling, lightweight board ceiling 03 Building energy-saving system External wall internal insulation system, internal insulation supplement of external insulation system 04 Radiant heating&cooling wall/ceiling system

　　PART8抹灰石膏的發(fā)展

　　The development of PART8 plastering gypsum

　　抹灰石膏作為一種最古老的建筑材料之一，已經(jīng)歷了上萬年的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展，這足已證明其頑強(qiáng)的生命力，尤其是近50-60年干混砂漿技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，以及各種配方技術(shù)與施工技術(shù)的發(fā)展，抹灰石膏這種傳統(tǒng)的建筑材料又迎來了一個(gè)最佳的發(fā)展時(shí)期。特別是隨著抹灰石膏憎水技術(shù)的發(fā)展，抹灰石膏的耐水性能得到了一個(gè)較大的提升，抹灰石膏在室內(nèi)裝飾裝修中將會(huì)得到最大范圍的應(yīng)用。隨著城市化的進(jìn)展進(jìn)入中后期，重裝修抹灰石膏需求占比逐步增大。根據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，中國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)高速增長(zhǎng)階段已過，新開工面積增速相對(duì)平穩(wěn)后，內(nèi)裝品質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)逐步提升，抹灰石膏會(huì)有強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)之勢(shì)。隨著國(guó)人健康環(huán)保意識(shí)的不斷增強(qiáng)，抹灰石膏的用量將出現(xiàn)快速增長(zhǎng)。綜上所述，內(nèi)墻裝飾使用抹灰石膏的推廣普及程度，是影響抹灰石膏銷量的主要因素。

　　Gypsum plaster, as one of the oldest building materials, has undergone tens of thousands of years of application and development, which fully proves its tenacious vitality. Especially in the past 50-60 years, with the rapid development of dry mixed mortar technology, as well as the development of various formula and construction techniques, gypsum plaster, this traditional building material, has ushered in the best period of development. Especially with the development of hydrophobic technology for plastering gypsum, the water resistance of plastering gypsum has been greatly improved, and plastering gypsum will be widely used in indoor decoration and renovation. With the progress of urbanization entering the middle and later stages, the proportion of demand for heavy-duty plastering gypsum is gradually increasing. According to the statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics, China's high-speed growth stage of real estate has passed. After the growth rate of new construction area remains relatively stable, the standards for interior quality will gradually improve, and there will be a strong growth trend for plastering gypsum. With the increasing awareness of health and environmental protection among the Chinese people, the amount of plaster used will experience rapid growth. In summary, the promotion and popularity of using plaster gypsum for interior wall decoration is the main factor affecting the sales of plaster gypsum.

　　PART9施工問題解答

　　PART9 Construction Problem Answers

　　01石膏砂漿的吸水性問題踢腳線部位石膏與混凝土地坪中水接觸是否會(huì)有不良反應(yīng)，表面抹膩?zhàn)踊蜻M(jìn)行其他面層裝飾是否回吸膩?zhàn)訉踊蜓b飾層的水。石膏砂漿具有一定的吸水性能，但在吸水干燥后又會(huì)恢復(fù)到原有狀態(tài)和強(qiáng)度，不會(huì)影響到施工質(zhì)量。注意：石膏砂漿不能長(zhǎng)期在水中浸泡。施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)做48小時(shí)浸泡，干透后墻面無掉粉、脫落想象石膏砂漿墻面待抹灰層干燥后（墻面濕度達(dá)到20%以下時(shí)，夏天2~3d、冬天3~5天）可批刮普通膩?zhàn)?；以防起泡?2石砂漿強(qiáng)度問題石膏砂漿墻面打螺絲或膨脹螺絲等效果，是否影響業(yè)主后期裝修及使用功能。石膏砂漿強(qiáng)度滿足國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（強(qiáng)度大于4MPa），不影響業(yè)主后期裝修及使用功能石膏砂漿在完全干透后的顏色為白色、微黃、灰色，由于沖筋部位先干燥硬化而呈現(xiàn)出干燥后的顏色，顧在大面施工完成初期與沖筋部位顏色不一致，待整體抹灰層干透后顏色基本趨于一致（在抹灰層完成后可批刮面層石膏膩?zhàn)踊蚱胀佔(zhàn)訌亩_(dá)到整體顏色一致）。但要注意如果刮涂‘過薄的墻面，必須注意配方改進(jìn)。抹灰層污染可用鏟刀清理后用專業(yè)搓板進(jìn)行打磨，從而達(dá)到交付質(zhì)量要求。03石膏砂漿的適用性公區(qū)是否可使用石膏砂漿；精裝房交付是否使用石膏砂漿(相應(yīng)的掛磚問題及吸水性）公區(qū)部位可使用石膏砂漿抹灰（但掛磚部位不建議使用石膏砂漿底層抹灰）；精裝房室內(nèi)干區(qū)部位適應(yīng)于石膏砂漿抹灰，既能解決空鼓開裂、還具有一定的保溫、防火功能。

　　The water absorption problem of gypsum mortar: Will there be any adverse reactions when gypsum comes into contact with water in the concrete floor at the skirting line? Will the surface be coated with putty or other decorative layers absorb water from the putty layer or decorative layer. Gypsum mortar has certain water absorption properties, but after absorbing water and drying, it will return to its original state and strength, which will not affect the construction quality. Attention: Gypsum mortar should not be soaked in water for a long time. Soak the construction site for 48 hours, and after it dries completely, there should be no powder or peeling off on the wall surface. Imagine the gypsum mortar wall surface. After the plaster layer is dry (when the wall humidity reaches below 20%, 2-3 days in summer and 3-5 days in winter), ordinary putty can be applied; To prevent foaming. Does the effect of screwing or expanding screws on gypsum mortar walls affect the homeowner's later decoration and functional use. The strength of gypsum mortar meets the national standard (strength greater than 4MPa), which does not affect the later decoration and use function of the owner. The color of gypsum mortar after complete drying is white, slightly yellow, and gray. Due to the drying and hardening of the reinforcement area, it presents a dry color. Considering that the color of the reinforcement area may not be consistent in the early stage of the large-scale construction, the color will basically become consistent after the overall plastering layer is dry (after the plastering layer is completed, the surface layer gypsum putty or ordinary putty can be scraped to achieve overall color consistency). However, it should be noted that if scraping or painting on a wall that is too thin, attention must be paid to improving the formula. The contamination of the plaster layer can be cleaned with a scraper and polished with a professional washboard to meet the delivery quality requirements. Can gypsum mortar be used in public areas; Is gypsum mortar used for the delivery of furnished houses (corresponding issues with brick hanging and water absorption)? Gypsum mortar plastering can be used for public areas (but gypsum mortar bottom plastering is not recommended for brick hanging areas); The dry area of the interior of the furnished room is suitable for plastering with gypsum mortar, which can not only solve the problem of hollowing and cracking, but also has certain insulation and fire prevention functions.

　　采用石膏砂漿抹灰的精裝房后期維修成本為“零”交付后開線槽，可用切割機(jī)或人工剔鑿成槽，待預(yù)埋件完成后可用同種石膏砂漿或石膏膩?zhàn)犹钛a(bǔ)（不建議采用水泥砂漿填補(bǔ)，因水泥具有收縮及色差等問題）。石膏砂漿不空鼓、不開裂，不存在后期維修整改及費(fèi)用問題；傳統(tǒng)水泥砂漿抹灰后期修補(bǔ)、維修費(fèi)用一般為抹灰綜合單價(jià)的10%。

　　The post maintenance cost of a fully decorated house using gypsum mortar plastering is "zero". After delivery, a wire groove can be opened, which can be cut with a cutting machine or manually chiseled into the groove. After the embedded parts are completed, the same type of gypsum mortar or gypsum putty can be used to fill it (it is not recommended to use cement mortar to fill, as cement has shrinkage and color difference problems). Gypsum mortar does not have hollowing or cracking, and there are no issues with later maintenance, rectification, or cost; The cost of post repair and maintenance of traditional cement mortar plastering is generally 10% of the comprehensive unit price of plastering.

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